Mindful of the forthcoming Copenhagen meeting on climate change, the Pacific islands of Kiribati and Tuvalu are calling upon all nations to reduce their carbon emissions so that they might be able to stay in their countries and not be forced to relocate elsewhere.
Over the past two years, Jesuit Refugee Service Australia, in collaboration with the University of NSW Psychiatry Research and Teaching Unit, has been investigating the psychosocial effects of displacement resulting from climate and other ecological changes in Pacific Island nations.
When I visited Kiribati and Tuvalu in May 2009 I asked elders, policy makers and government workers about their five biggest personal fears for the future. Among the top concerns were prospects for their children and the economy, an uncertain future, cultural change and climate change.
The people of Kiribati and Tuvalu, though faced with possible future displacement because of climate change, are also dealing with complex global stressors that are impacting on their lives today. Climate change is viewed as a significant factor that compounds the effects of these other stressors and some describe it as a tipping factor, one that will eventually make the other stressors unmanageable. It is obvious that both populations are dealing with overcrowding, unemployment, poverty, pollution, and modernisation. Climate change is a driver for some of these stressors as well as a multiplier of their effects.
Significantly, people in both Kiribati and Tuvalu told me their concerns about climate change escalate when there is a severe climate event, a tsunami warning, a hurricane or a king tide in other vulnerable parts of the world. On Kiribati and Tuvalu there would simply be no place to run to. One has only to think of the devastation and fear caused by the recent tsunami in Samoa, America Samoa and Tonga to know that the people of the Pacific are grappling with a major global stressor over which they feel they have no influence.
Both nations have different political discourses about climate change and its future prospects for the population. What does seem to be clear from these responses, however, is that each nation is facing multiple challenges and climate change is only one among many. The adults who were interviewed were very concerned about the future of their children and the opportunities that they might have in the future. They also recognised that their culture is changing and that one of the consequences of