The conventional images of the beginnings of Australia, going beyond the arrival of the First Fleet marked by Australia Day, have to do with the past and the present. Emmanuel Phillips Fox, for example, represented Captain Cook in heroic mode landing at a pristine Botany Bay. He plants the British flag, and restrains his landing party from firing two Indigenous Australians in the far distance.
Contemporary images of Australia Day depict the Australian flag or the beach in holiday mode, with boats, barbies, bathers, beach cricket and blisters. The day explicitly celebrates the founding of the colony and implicitly what Australians have subsequently made of it and have handed on to newcomers.
But Fox's painting, as we might expect from a work commissioned in the year of Federation, also suggests questions about the future of Australia.
It represents the arrival of strangers bearing signs of a highly developed military and industrial and agricultural technology, into a tribal and uncultivated land where human beings lived mainly by hunting and gathering and protecting the land's resources.
It also represents the relationship of two groups of people: one from a dominant and self-confident civilisation and the other from a culture now made marginal.
The painting invites the viewer to ask what will happen when the European settlers cultivate and develop this new land and encounter both Indigenous Australians and others different from themselves.
We have had ample time to give an accounting to both these questions. We have observed the mixed effects of clearing, planting, grazing, damming, mining and urban growth on Australia. We have also seen how marginalising, killing, fencing out and patronising Indigenous Australians and taking Aboriginal children away from their families have affected their descendants.
We have seen the coming and going of the White Australia policy and, more recently, the way our treatment of asylum seekers has defined the Other as hostile. The questions posed by the painting remain alive, not simply as a way to understand our past, but also to shape our future.
They now confront us as citizens of the world and Australians. The two major challenges facing the world have to do with kindness to strangers and care for the natural world. They are not simply about adjusting our national settings but concern the future of life on earth.
Care for the environment, the resolution of violent conflict and the responsibility of well-endowed individuals and nations to the marginalised of our world will increasingly become conditions for